What Is AP Capstone Should You Do It

What Is AP Capstone Should You Do It SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you caught wind of the AP program's new confirmation program, AP Capstone? Is this only an IB clone or something additionally fascinating? Also, will finishing AP Capstone get you into school? We’ll investigate those inquiries here. Peruse on for a total manual for AP Capstone! What Is AP Capstone? AP Capstone is the AP program’s new recognition program. A certificate program is a program that means you finished a specific arrangement of prerequisites in secondary school to gain a propelled confirmation. (This is notwithstanding your fundamental secondary school recognition.) Probably the most notable propelled confirmation program is the International Baccalaureate (IB) program. Maybe to contend with IB, the AP program propelled its own certificate program, AP Capstone, in fall 2014. While the customary AP program permits understudies to pick whichever AP classes they need to take and doesn’t have any all-encompassing structure, AP Capstone requires you take a specific number of AP classes and meet certain necessities to acquire the AP Capstone propelled certificate. You need to take aptitudes based and subject-based AP classes to gain the Capstone confirmation. In particular, AP Capstone incorporates two establishment courses †AP Seminar and AP Research †to improve four subject-explicit AP courses (in any subject) for a sum of six AP courses. Graph by means of College Board. School Board says of the program: â€Å"[AP Capstone] develops inquisitive, free, and communitarian researchers and sets them up to make legitimate, proof based decisions.† at the end of the day, AP Capstone is attempting to carry some topical solidarity to the AP program. Ordinarily, understudies will pick AP classes that are intriguing to them and treat them as absolutely separate elements. They don’t need to make associations between their AP classes or the aptitudes they require. By including AP Seminar and AP Research, the Capstone program intends to make AP a progressively durable secondary school program. AP Capstone additionally incorporates a 5,000 word research paper, which is very like IB’s expanded article. Moreover, a portion of the educational plan lines up with new normal center principles †an offer to make AP Capstone serious and alluring to schools in today’s changing instruction world. How AP Capstone Works To get the AP Capstone recognition, you take two unique AP courses. You’ll take AP Seminar in tenth or eleventh grade, trailed by AP Research in the eleventh or twelfth grade. (You can’t take both in a similar evaluation; AP Seminar needs to precede AP Research!) Notwithstanding AP Seminar and AP Research, you need to take four AP classes based on your personal preference anytime in secondary school. This implies you could basically take one AP course every year (rookies, sophomore, junior, senior) or pack them into your most recent two years of secondary school. On the off chance that you get a 3 or higher on every one of these tests, you will get the AP Capstone Diploma. (Obviously, there is nothing keeping you from taking more than four AP classes if that is the thing that you need to do. You simply need at least four to get the AP Capstone confirmation.) In the event that you get scores of 3 or higher in AP Research and AP Seminar, yet don’t take four other AP classes or don’t get sufficiently high AP scores in them, you’ll get the AP Seminar and Research Certificate, which shows you picked up school level scholarly and exploration aptitudes. The Two Capstone Courses †AP Seminar and AP Research Both AP Seminar and AP Research plan to make a school like scholastic experience directly in your secondary school homeroom. The AP Seminar and AP Research classes are the principle recognizing highlights of AP Capstone. These courses give understudies extra aptitudes to use in other AP classes and school, yet aren’t situated in explicit subjects (for example math, language expressions, science, or social examinations). They mean to assist understudies with doing the accompanying: Investigate points through various focal points for more prominent importance or comprehension Plan and direct an examination/examination Propose answers for true issues Work together to tackle an issue Plan and produce correspondence Incorporate, integrate and make multifaceted associations How about we investigate each class to find out additional. AP Seminar Overview In Seminar, you'll create diagnostic and request abilities, investigating two to four issues picked by you or your instructor, contingent upon how your educator runs the class. The class centers around subjects dependent on understudy interests, neighborhood and additionally metro issues, worldwide or global themes, and ideas from other AP courses. For instance, you may investigate the topic of whether national security is a higher priority than a citizen’s right to protection; or whether hereditary building is an advantage to society. The two points would draw from various subjects (social investigations, science, morals) and permit you to take a gander at issues through a wide range of focal points. During the course, you additionally complete a group venture, an individual paper and introduction, and take a last AP test. The AP Seminar Exam score depends on every one of the three parts and is accounted for on the standard 1â€5 AP scoring scale. AP Research Overview You need to take AP Seminar before you can take AP Research. While Seminar acquaints you with conversation, exploration, and introduction aptitudes, AP Research permits you to configuration, plan, and direct a year-long examination put together examination with respect to a point that intrigues you. You'll expand on abilities from AP Seminar by finding out about examination procedure, utilizing moral exploration rehearses, and dissecting the data you find to compose and guard your contention. Prepare to invest a ton of energy in the library! For your exploration paper, you can delve into a theme you previously concentrated in an alternate AP course, or think of your own point that consolidates various subjects. Toward the finish of the exploration examination, you’ll compose a paper of around 5,000 words, at that point introduce and shield it. The AP Research Exam score depends on the paper, introduction, and resistance, and is accounted for on the standard 1â€5 AP scoring scale. So note that, not at all like AP Seminar, there is anything but a formal AP Research test. Your paper and introduction will be the test! How Popular Is AP Capstone? The AP Capstone program is very new, as it just appeared in 2014. Presently, around 300 American schools, 15 Canadian schools, and 30 other worldwide schools have the program. Considering 894 schools in the only us have IB, AP Capstone is truly little in correlation. All things considered, the program will probably develop and extend a considerable amount in the following barely any years as more schools decide to execute it. A few states don’t have any AP Capstone schools yet.several (like Missouri and Utah) have only one partaking school, while others have many. (Florida has just about 100!) It will be fascinating to check whether the state portrayal levels out in the coming years or if Capstone turns out to be extremely mainstream in specific states and uncommon in others. How Capstone Differs From â€Å"Regular AP† The fundamental AP program is more adaptable than AP Capstone. The normal AP program is a â€Å"a la carte† program †you can pick which AP classes to take and how serious you need your calendar to be. A few understudies may very well take 1 or 2 AP classes in secondary school, others could assume control more than 10. Everything relies upon the amount you need to challenge yourself, what number of AP courses your school offers, and which subjects you're keen on. The achievement of an understudy is decided by how they do on every test †understudies aren’t expected to take a specific number of AP classes or get a specific normal score. So, the fundamental AP program is very adaptable and can fit the necessities of numerous understudies. Conversely, AP Capstone is a confirmation program with stricter prerequisites. In the event that you don't take the privilege AP classes or get sufficiently high AP test scores, you won't procure the Capstone certificate. How Similar Is AP Capstone to the IB Program? You might be considering how comparative AP Capstone is to the IB program, since they are both propelled confirmation programs. We’ll go through a portion of the principle likenesses and contrasts since numerous understudies considering IB may likewise consider AP Capstone, and the other way around. Likenesses The two projects work pretty comparatively. Understudies take propelled classes in secondary school (set apart as either AP or IB), and afterward take a test for each class toward the year's end. For both AP Capstone and IB, you need to get a base score on your tests to procure the recognition. For IB you need to acquire at any rate 24 focuses aggregate on your tests (IB tests are scored from 1 to 7), for Capstone you need a 3 or higher on every test. Each program additionally requires a long bit of composing, however AP Capstone’s 5,000 word research paper is longer than IB's 4,000 word broadened exposition. At long last, the two projects incorporate subject-based and abilities based courses †however IB has one aptitudes based course, Theory of Knowledge, while AP Capstone has two †Seminar and Research. Contrasts The IB program requires a portion of your courses be increasingly troublesome, while there’s no qualification between standard level and more elevated level courses in AP Capstone. To win an IB certificate, 3 of your 6 courses must be assigned more significant level, while three can be standard level. For the AP Capstone recognition, you can pick the four extra AP courses you need to take, regardless of whether they are known as simpler tests. Additionally, AP Capstone doesn't have any extracurricular necessities while IB has the Creativity, Action, Service program, which basically requires extracurricular exercises. Another significant contrast between the projects is that AP Capstone has no prerequisites with respect to the four extra AP classes you take, while in IB you have to take courses from six explicit branches of knowledge. So while you could get the AP Capstone diplo

The Job Cuts in the U.S. Postal Service

Part One The article composed by Lisa Rein examines the normal employment cuts in the U.S. Postal Service; specifically, the writer reports that around 7,500 employments will be dispensed with sooner rather than later (Rein unpaged).Advertising We will compose a custom article test hands on Cuts in the U.S. Postal Service explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More, as it were, this strategy is planned for lessening the authoritative expenses of the administration; all things considered, the delegates of the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC) contend that these decreases will bring about various postponements in mail conveyance (Rein unpaged). In addition, as indicated by the finding of PRC, the administration won't have the option to accomplish the normal reserve funds (Rein unpaged). All in all, this activity can represent a noteworthy danger to the framework of the nation (Rein unpaged). This article is firmly identified with the few the ideas talked about in Chapter On e of the course book; for this situation, uncommon consideration ought to be paid to government partnerships and administrative commissions that perform various capacities and associate with each other; for instance, the Postal Service can be an administration enterprise that serves the requirements of the populace. Thus, administrative commissions like the PRC should control and screen diverse monetary relations inside the nation. The circumstance portrayed by Lisa Rein outlines the contention between these offices of the legislature. Part Two Another significant occasion that ought to be examined is the expectation of the U.S. Incomparable Court to survey the government arrangements with respect to same-sex marriage; this issue is firmly analyzed in the article by Adam Liptak. As indicated by the creator, the U.S. Incomparable Court may audit and even reject the legitimate meaning of marriage as an association of a man and a lady; the appointed authorities may prohibit the idea of sexual orientation from this definition (Liptak unpaged). Adam Liptak underscores that these days the choices in regards to the status of same-sex relationships are taken by the administrations of discrete conditions of the nation; interestingly, another meaning of marriage can legitimize the wedlock of same-sex couples and the assent of state governments may not be required. These are the fundamental ramifications of this case, however now it is too soon to talk the adjustments in the enactment of the United States, yet this legitimate discussion shows at an emotional move in the open opinion.Advertising Looking for paper on political theories? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This occasion is connected to one of the ideas referenced in the Chapter Two of the reading material, specifically the division of the legislature into three branches. They need to perform various assignments, for example, the advancement of laws, the r equirement of these lawful demonstrations and their translation. The activities of the Supreme Court demonstrate that legal and authoritative parts of the administration can interface with each other in exertion to change the laws of the nation. Section Three The ongoing presidential battle and the battle between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney have pulled in much consideration of the press; in his article, Sean Sullivan inspects the contradiction between these lawmakers viewing such an issue as the redistribution of riches (Sullivan unpaged). Specifically, Sean Sullivan alludes to the expressions of Barack Obama who said that the administration ought to guarantee each resident of the United States ought to have equivalent chances (Sullivan unpaged). To some extent, this objective can be accomplished through the redistribution of riches (Sullivan unpaged). Glove Romney reacted to this contention by saying that such a methodology could sabotage the guiding principle of the nation, for i nstance, the privilege to property and salary (Sullivan unpaged). The occasions depicted by the writer are intently attached to the thoughts investigated in our readings, for instance, the work of art and present day problems of the legislature examined in the Chapter Three. The redistribution of riches is identified with the advanced problem, in particular the need to advance fairness in the general public and the need to guarantee the individual opportunity of residents. Barack Obama and Mitt Romney speak to two diverse to the arrangement of this predicament; Obama places accentuation on fairness while, Romney stresses the individual opportunity of resident and their entitlement to property (Sullivan unpaged). Along these lines, the ideas talked about in the readings have critical ramifications for cutting edge legislative issues. Section Four The article composed by Phillip Rucker portrays the endeavors of the Republican Party to diminish the job of the worker's guilds in Michiga n (Rucker unpaged). Specifically, the creator centers around the alleged option to-work laws as per which representatives are not obliged to join the association and pay any charges to these associations (Rucker unpaged). One can say that this enactment can as a rule prohibit worker's guilds from the exchanges among laborers and private organizations; generally speaking, this change is bound to profit the businesses who can direct their terms to representatives (Rucker unpaged). The pundits of option to-work laws accept that these legitimate changes can sabotage the privileges of laborers; all the more significantly, this arrangement can deny the Republican Party of its impact in Michigan for quite a while (Rucker unpaged). This article is firmly identified with the issues canvassed in the reading material; for this situation, exceptional consideration ought to be paid to the job of intrigue bunches that can pull in the consideration of strategy creators to specific issues or issues and advance lawful explicit changes. The circumstance depicted in the article shows the contention between a few interests gatherings, to be specific the businesses and worker's organizations; for this situation, they have totally different objectives and needs that don't agree with one another.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test hands on Cuts in the U.S. Postal Service explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chapter Five In his article, Sean Sullivan talks about the ongoing contradiction among Democrats and Republicans; specifically, the government officials discussion such issues as spending cuts and assessment builds (Entitlement banter, unpaged). As per the creator, the Republicans restrict to the expanded charges for the wealthiest residents of the United States; conversely, Democrats accept that this approach is important to subsidize legislative projects, for example, Medicare (Entitlement banter, unpaged). In the assessment of the Republican gover nment officials, such methodologies are bound to hurt white collar class individuals, instead of advantage them (Entitlement banter, unpaged). Thusly, Democrats accept that this procedure isn't probably going to decrease the pay of numerous occupants. In general, this discussion is intently attached to the inquiries talked about in Chapter 5, for instance, such ideas as pluralism and majoritarianism. This contradiction delineates the standards of pluralism that burdens the necessities of various gatherings. It appears that pluralism guarantees that the necessities of specific gatherings are not ignored by strategy creators who ought to recollect that their choices can have broad ramifications for an incredible number of individuals. Conversely, majoritarianism in the Congress can bring about the circumstance when there is no discussion or conversation among lawmakers. This is one the principle perils that government official ought to stay away from while talking about lawful or soci al issues. Works Cited Liptak, A. â€Å"Justices to Hear Two Challenges on Gay Marriage.† The New York Times, 2012. Web. Rein, L. â€Å"U. S. Postal Service reports clearing work cuts, region office closures.† The Washington Post, 2011. Web. Rucker, P. â€Å"In Michigan, heart of sorted out work, Republicans push to confine association power.† The Washington Post, 2012. Web. Sullivan, S. ‘Romney causes to notice Obama ‘redistribution’ comment from 1998.’ The Washington Post,â 2012. Web.Advertising Searching for article on political theories? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More â€- . ‘Entitlement banter flashes contradiction along party lines.’ The Washington Post. Web. This article hands on Cuts in the U.S. Postal Service was composed and put together by client Travis Bennett to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Sumter, Thomas

Sumter, Thomas Sumter, Thomas, 1734â€"1832, American Revolutionary officer, b. near Charlottesville, Va. He served with Edward Braddock (1755) and John Forbes (1758) in their expeditions against Fort Duquesne in the French and Indian War, and later he fought against the Cherokee. He settled (1765) in South Carolina. Like Francis Marion, he formed (1780) a guerrilla band in the Revolution and harassed the British in the Carolinas. He and the British leader, Banastre Tarleton, struck at each other through 1780. The gamecock of the Revolution, as Sumter was called, was successful at Hanging Rock, barely escaped with his life at Fishing Creek, was repulsed in a raid on the British post at Rocky Mount, but won again at Blackstock. After the war, he was U.S. Representative (1789â€"93, 1797â€"1801), Senator (1801â€"10), and minister to Brazil (1810â€"11). Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor is named for him. See biographies by A. K. Gregorie (1931) and R. D. Bass (1961). The Columbia Electronic Ency clopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

A Small Place By Jamaica Kincaid - 1266 Words

A Small Place by Jamaica Kincaid analyzes the ugliness of tourism through the effects of colonialism. The book is a punch in the gut for every tourist, westerner, and individuals who are the product of colonialism. Most western education does not teach the full context of colonialism. The extension of students’ knowledge is the Berlin conference of 1884, which divided African territory between Europeans and US leaders without the inclusion of Africans. The education in the West does not delve into the impact of the conference after colonialism. There is never a mention about the lack of identity throughout the region, the lackluster of education, or the social and government corruption. Textbooks tend to have a brief chapter titled†¦show more content†¦Impoverished neighborhoods suffer from low access to electricity, water, and gas for multiple days in a row. However from a naked tourist eyes, Egypt is the land of pharaohs with beautiful landscapes and an exotic cultu re. I thought this book was interesting because it gave a bold and honest view of tourism. As much as everyone has been guilty of being a ‘tourist,’ tourism has a strong effect on culture. In A Small Place, Kincaid constantly refers to the broken library sign, which reads â€Å"â€Å"THIS BUILDING WAS DAMAGED IN THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1974. REPAIRS ARE PENDING.† The library sign is a symbol of Antigua’s damaged culture. The earthquake evoked the move from colonial to self-rule, which disrupted the culture that the building was meant to serve. The sign is used as a symbol of how Antiguans are trapped in their colonial past and are still enduring the impacts of their colonizers. For example, hotel training school is offered to teach Antiguans how to essentially be a good ‘servant.’ This idea relates back to tourism. As Kincaid eludes most of the tourists who vacation in Antigua are white or from Western backgrounds. To develop a hotel training schoo l in a post-colonized country, it would assume that it is culturally acceptable to serve white individuals as a ‘job.’ Sadly, that is the reality in many African countries such as Uganda where tourism is developed to be an extra and a unique experience. I have attached a photo of porters at Uganda’s BwindiShow MoreRelatedA Small Place by Jamaica Kincaid1389 Words   |  6 PagesA Small Place by Jamaica Kincaid presents the hypothetical story of a tourist visiting Antigua, the author’s hometown. Kincaid places the reader in the shoes of the tourist, and tells the tourist what he/she would see through his/her travels on the island. She paints a picturesque scene of the tourist’s view of Antigua, but stains the image with details of issues that most tourists overlook: the bad roads, the origin of the so-called native food, the inefficiency of the plumbing systems in resortsRead MoreA Small Place by Jamaica Kincaid1447 Words   |  6 Pages In â€Å"A Small Place† by Jamaica Kincaid, Kincaid criticizes tourists for being heartless and ignorant to the problems that the people of Antigua had and the sacrifices that had to be made to make Antigua a tremendous tourist/vacation spot. While Kincaid makes a strong argument, her argument suggests that she doesnt realize what tourism is for the tourists. In other words, tourism is an escape for those who are going on vacation and the tourists are well within their rights to be â€Å"ignorant†, especiallyRead MoreA Small Place By Jamaica Kincaid1525 Words   |  7 Pages Jamaica Kincaid, an essayist, explains the idea that history of the Caribbean (specifically Antigua), helps shape identity through her book, â€Å"A Small Place†. In regards the history, Kincaid also discloses how capitalism and colonialism are used as a foundation in shaping our epistemological ways of knowing the self and the world around us. In this essay, Kincaid uses tourism as a way o f viewing the effects of capitalism and colonialism. She disliked tourist and through her accounts, there is tensionRead MorePersuasive Analysis Of Jamaica Kincaid s A Small Place1451 Words   |  6 PagesPersuasive Methods in A Small Place Jamaica Kincaid’s influential work of nonfiction â€Å"A Small Place† (1988) tells how a once beautiful island in the Caribbean has been transformed into a disgusting holiday resort that is there to only accommodate American and European tourists. Kincaid seeks to inform the readers about the situation and the history of Antigua, and also to remind them of the role they played in the downfall of the small island. Although her tone is full of anger, she does not forgetRead MoreOpinions towards Imperialism in Antigua in the Novel, A Small Place by Jamaica Kincaid1078 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, A Small Place, Jamaica Kincaid expresses her opinion towards imperialism in Antigua, which has change the way how Antiguan people live. She then talks about issues of tourism and corruption, and how everything to the readers is â€Å"your fault† as she described. Kincaid also reveals the native’s view on tourism. The book is written in second person, explaini ng her opinion, and the reader is spoken to directly in the book. To make more sense of this, the reader is like a tourist whose visitingRead MoreA Small Place Part 3 Rhetorical Analysis1373 Words   |  6 PagesA Small Place Part 3 Rhetorical Analysis A Small Place, a novel written by Jamaica Kincaid, is a story relating to the small country of Antigua and its dilemmas from Jamaica Kincaid’s point of view. In this novel Kincaid is trying to inform her audience that Antigua is in a poor state due to British imperial, government corruption, and tourism. Kincaid exposes her audience to the effect of these very problems in Antigua by using persuasive visual language. In the third part of Jamaica Kincaid’s ARead MoreExposing the Ugliness of Tourism in Jamaica Kincaids Book, A Small Place763 Words   |  3 PagesJamaica Kincaid addresses the reader as a tourist in her book A Small Place. Throughout the book her sarcasm and resentment towards the postcolonial state of the country cannot be missed. She exposes the â€Å"ugliness† of tourism, she writes, â€Å"The thing you have always suspected about yourself the minute you become a tourist is true: A tourist is an ugly human being† (14). Kincaid points to the fact that the tourists (European and American) and the tourism industry are morally ugly. The first sectionRead MoreLucy by Jamaica Kincaid Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesJourney into Discovering My True Self Jamaica Kincaid’s success as a writer was not easily attained as she endured struggles of having to often sleep on the floor of her apartment because she could not afford to buy a bed. She described herself as being a struggling writer, who did not know how to write, but sheer determination and a fortunate encounter with the editor of The New Yorker, William Shawn who set the epitome for her writing success. Ms. Kincaid was a West-Indian American writer whoRead MoreAnalysis Of Ann Hood And Jamaica Kincaid1373 Words   |  6 Pagesand Jamaica Kincaid, their family’s both certainly had enough of an impact on them to write articles about their personal pasts. Although the articles have a much different flow and a much different objective, they both touch on the effect their families have had on them growing up. When reading both articles it is apparent that Ann Hood has a better grasp on the importance of family values than Jamaica Kincaid does, because of the more nurt uring way Hood was raised, in comparison to Kincaid. AnnRead MoreBanal Racism in Antigua: An Examination of A Small Place and its Critics1186 Words   |  5 Pagesentitled â€Å"A Small Place Writes Back† that â€Å"A Small Place begins with Jamaica Kincaid placing herself in a unique position able to understand the tourist and the Antiguan and despise both while identifying with neither† (895). Another critic, Suzanne Gauch, adds to this claim by asserting that â€Å"A Small Place disappoints†¦readers when it undermines the authority of its own narrator by suggesting that she is hardly representative of average Antiguans† (912). In her narrative A Small Place, Kincaid often attacks

The Iranian Revolution of 1979

People poured into the streets of Tehran and other cities, chanting Marg bar Shah or Death to the Shah, and Death to America! Middle-class Iranians, leftist university students, and Islamist supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini united to demand the overthrow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. From October of 1977 to February of 1979, the people of Iran called for the end of the monarchy but they didnt necessarily agree on what should replace it. Background to the Revolution Shah Reza Pahlevi, returning to Iran after a week-long exile due to the failled Mohamed Mossadegh coup detat.   Bettmann/Getty Images In 1953, the American CIA helped to overthrow a democratically elected prime minister in Iran and restore the Shah to his throne. The Shah was a modernizer in many ways, promoting the growth of a modern economy and a middle class, and championing womens rights. He outlawed the chador or hijab (the full-body veil), encouraged education of women up to and including at the university level, and advocated employment opportunities outside the home for women. However, the Shah also ruthlessly suppressed dissent, jailing and torturing his political opponents. Iran became a police state, monitored by the hated SAVAK secret police. In addition, the Shahs reforms, particularly those concerning the rights of women, angered Shia clerics such as Ayatollah Khomeini, who fled into exile in Iraq and later France beginning in 1964. The US was intent on keeping the Shah in place in Iran, however, as a bulwark against the Soviet Union. Iran borders on the then-Soviet Republic of Turkmenistan  and was seen as a potential target for communist expansion. As a result, opponents of the Shah considered him an American puppet. The Revolution Begins Throughout the 1970s, as Iran reaped enormous profits from oil production, a gap widened between the wealthy (many of whom were relatives of the Shah) and the poor. A recession beginning in 1975 increased tensions between the classes in Iran. Secular protests in the form of marches, organizations, and political poetry readings sprouted all across the country. Then, late in October of 1977, the Ayatollah Khomeinis 47-year-old son Mostafa died suddenly of a heart attack. Rumors spread that he had been murdered by the SAVAK, and soon thousands of protesters flooded the streets of Irans major cities. This uptick in demonstrations came at a delicate time for the Shah. He was ill with cancer and seldom appeared in public. In a drastic miscalculation, in January of 1978, the Shah had his Information Minister publish an article in the leading newspaper that slandered Ayatollah Khomeini as a tool of British neo-colonial interests and a man without faith. The next day, theology students in the city of Qom exploded in angry protests; security forces put down the demonstrations but killed at least seventy students in just two days. Up to that moment, the secular and religious protesters had been evenly matched, but after the Qom massacre, the religious opposition became the leaders of the anti-Shah movement. Ahmad Kavousian/Getty Images   In February, young men in Tabriz marched to remember the students killed in Qom the previous month; the march turned into a riot, in which the rioters smashed banks and government buildings. Over the next several months, violent protests spread and were met with increasing violence from security forces. The religiously-motivated rioters attacked movie theaters, banks, police stations, and nightclubs. Some of the army troops sent in to quell the protests began to defect to the protesters side. The protesters adopted the name and image of Ayatollah Khomeini, still in exile, as the leader of their movement; for his part, Khomeini issued calls for the overthrow of the Shah. He spoke of democracy at that point, as well, but would soon change his tune. The Revolution Comes to a Head In August, the Rex Cinema in Abadan caught fire and burned, probably as a result of an attacked by Islamist students. Approximately 400 people were killed in the blaze. The opposition started a rumor that the SAVAK had started the fire, rather than the protesters, and anti-government feeling reached a fever pitch. Chaos increased in September with the Black Friday incident. On September 8, thousands of mostly peaceful protesters turned out in Jaleh Square, Tehran against the Shahs new declaration of martial law. The Shah responded with an all-out military attack on the protest, using tanks and helicopter gun-ships in addition to ground troops. Anywhere from 88 to 300 people died; opposition leaders claimed that the death toll was in the thousands. Large-scale strikes rocked the country, virtually shutting down both the public and private sectors that autumn, including the crucial oil industry. kaveh Lazemi/Getty Images On Nov. 5, the Shah ousted his moderate prime minister and installed a military government under General Gholam Reza Azhari. The Shah also gave a public address in which he stated that he heard the peoples revolutionary message. To conciliate the millions of protesters, he freed more than 1000 political prisoners and allowed the arrest of 132 former government officials, including the hated former chief of the SAVAK. Strike activity declined temporarily, either out of fear of the new military government or gratitude for the Shahs placatory gestures, but within weeks it resumed. On December 11, 1978, more than a million peaceful protesters turned out in Tehran and other major cities to observe the Ashura holiday and call for Khomeini to become Irans new leader. Panicking, the Shah quickly recruited a new, moderate prime minister from within opposition ranks, but he refused to do away with the SAVAK or release all political prisoners. The opposition was not mollified. The Shahs American allies began to believe that his days in power were numbered. Fall of the Shah On Jan. 16, 1979, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi announced that he and his wife were going abroad for a brief vacation. As their plane took off, jubilant crowds filled the streets of Irans cities and began tearing down statues and pictures of the Shah and his family. Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar, who had been in office for just a few weeks, freed all political prisoners, ordered the army to stand down in the face of demonstrations and abolished the SAVAK. Bakhtiar also allowed Ayatollah Khomeini to return to Iran and called for free elections.   michel Setboun/Getty Images Khomeini flew into Tehran from Paris on Feb. 1, 1979, to a delirious welcome. Once he was safely inside the countrys borders, Khomeini called for the dissolution of the Bakhtiar government, vowing I shall kick their teeth in. He appointed a prime minister and cabinet of his own. On Febr. 9-10, fighting broke out between the Imperial Guard (the Immortals), who were still loyal to the Shah, and the pro-Khomeini faction of the Iranian Air Force. On Feb. 11, the pro-Shah forces collapsed, and the Islamic Revolution declared victory over the Pahlavi dynasty. Sources Roger Cohen, 1979: Irans Islamic Revolution, New York Times Upfront, accessed February 2013.Fred Halliday, Irans Revolution in Global History, OpenDemocracy.net, March 5, 2009.Iranian Civil Strife, GlobalSecurity.org, accessed February 2013.Keddie, Nikki R. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.

Mediaculture Free Essays

string(172) " between culture and society, the break down of the distinction between art and popular culture, the confusion over time and space, and the decline of the meta narratives\." Week 7: Suzanne Lacy and Leslie Labowitz, Feminist Media Strategies for Political Performance We live in a media centric world bombarded by the media images twenty four hours a day.   It is so powerful that we often cannot distinguish the ‘reality’ from the mediated reality. Media makes use of images around us to convey this very different articulated meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Mediaculture or any similar topic only for you Order Now This often interludes with the notion of the people who control the media; which can either be the proprietor or dominant groups through force or coercion that control the opinions. These viewpoints are the factors that determine the news values, of the modern media, which often tend to trivialize or sensationalize the issues, according to the ideological stance. Feminist Media Arts have formed as a resistance to this distorted media views, to convey the ‘undistorted reality’ to the public. It’s more than an information campaign and the same time new mode of protest to decry the ugly stories media told about women. The feminist media work as the activists say ‘has three ultimate purposes: first, to interrupt the incessant flow of images that supports the established social order with alternative ways of thinking and acting; second, to organize and activate viewers (media is not the only, nor necessarily most effective, way to do this); third, to create artful and original imagery that follows in the tradition of fine art, to help viewers see the world in a new way and learn something about themselves in relation to it. ’ The authors in their essay point to the ways to attract the media to their campaign and force them to present their viewpoints. The authors say that ‘to understand how media operates, observe it -with detachment -and be pragmatic. It doesn’t matter what you think the media should cover, the object of the game (and it is a game) is to get them to play it your way. Mass media time is not a public service; it is a highly valuable commodity that is purchased by corporations and individuals who promote products, ideas, attitudes and images. The stakes of this game are high, and as artists the best we can hope for is a kind of guerrilla foray into that system.’ Here it would be wise to note the contributions of the Glasgow University Media Research Group (GUMG) and Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS), engaged in research in the process of news production and the relationship between ideology and representation. The research of the GUMG has been very controversial since the publication of Bad News in 1976. Bad News was concerned with the television coverage of industrial relations in 1975. The GUMG’s analysis of television news led it conclude that the viewers had been given a misleading portrayal of industrial disputes, a portrayal that distorted the ‘real’ situation. The descriptions attached to management were such that they persuaded the audience of the rightness of the management position against the demands made by the unions. Thus, it has become the inherent nature of the media to manipulate things. In 1973 Galtung and Ruge analyzed foreign news in newspapers and found that for any event to become a ‘news item’, and therefore considered ‘newsworthy’, it had to pass through a selection process. If it conformed to a particular set of criteria, the news staff judged it newsworthy. Galtunge and Ruge calls those criteria as ‘news values’. The essay tells different methods to persuade the media for the political performance. But the question remains, if the media conforms to certain pre-determined news values, how can these campaigns succeed, despite the systematic efforts by the activists. Week 8: Jesse Drew, The Collective Camcorder in Art and Activism. The essay attempts to portray the role of the video makers’ collectives, in many resistance movements. The invention of the video camcorder has in fact changed the course of history. These movements and the developments in technology when coupled with the ideology of post modernism, took art and activism to new heights. From the efforts of independent artists to the collectives such as Paper Tiger and the Independent Media Center, the revolt has spread to resist the images presented by the mainstream media and culture. So the environment was all set for a departure from the art-video, and experiment something new that reached the people. As the essayist says, television is, after all, at the heart of our popular culture, the culture of the everyday, and dominates the media landscape. Video, when all is said and done, is a form of television, ‘a media device that conveys information. It is natural that video artists cross the boundaries of art and activism, and frequently choose to ‘subvert the message, not just exploit the form. This artistic jujitsu, using the weight of television to fall upon itself, emerged as a popular strategy among video collectives. Increasingly, video artists in the 1980s and 1990s embraced the necessity to reflect on, intervene, and challenge the contested terrain of television, mass media, and popular culture, and leave the art-video aesthetic behind.’ As Strinati called it ‘post modernism is skeptical of any absolute, universal and all embracing claim to knowledge and argues that theories or doctrines which make such claims are increasingly open to criticism, contestation and doubt. The mass media are central to the post modern condition because we now take as real, is to a large extent what media tell us is real. We are bombarded from all sides by cultural signs and images in all aspects of media. According to Baudrillard, we have entered the world of simulacra. These are signs that function as copies or models of real objects or events. In the post-modern era, simulacra no longer present a copy of the world, nor do they produce replicas of reality. Today†¦..social reality is structured by codes and models that produce the reality they claim to merely represent.’ From the 1960s onwards there was a revolt against the modernists. The post modernists thought believed in the breakdown of the distinction between culture and society, the break down of the distinction between art and popular culture, the confusion over time and space, and the decline of the meta narratives. You read "Mediaculture" in category "Essay examples" The pop art of the 1960s demonstrates this clearly, for example, Andy Warhol presented soup tins and cola bottles as art, as well as challenging the uniqueness of Da Vinci’s portrait of the Mono Lisa by silk screening her image thirty times – Thirty are better than one. In fact post modernism has helped them to drift away from the so called artistic beliefs. In the words of the essayist ‘video artists in the 1980s and 1990s embraced the necessity to reflect on, intervene, and challenge the contested terrain of television, mass media, and popular culture, and leave the art-video aesthetic behind. The convergence of these new political, cultural, social, technological, artistic, and economic developments’ provided the impetus to the establishment of the counter movements like the Paper Television, and subsequently the Independent Media Center. In fact, video art has surpassed all other art forms in interpreting history. Week 9: Carole S. Vance, The War on Culture. The essay follows the great discussion in the world of art whether a self-censorship is inevitable when it comes to sexual images. Vance quotes instances where public ire overlooked the ‘artistic value’ when morality was questioned. Vance says that ‘the fundamentalist attack on images and the art world must be recognized as a systematic part of a right-wing political program to restore traditional social arrangements and reduce diversity. The right wing is deeply committed to symbolic politics, both in using symbols to mobilize public sentiment and in understanding that, because images do stand in for and motivate social change, the arena of representation is a real ground for struggle.’ He says that it is high time that a vigorous defence of art and images should be made. The author has given a new dimension to the culture war. This is not isolated with art or artistic movements. Representation of sexuality in media is more complex than in art, for example, counting the number of times that women appear on the screen because we cannot immediately identify a person’s sexual orientation in the way that we can identify markers of sex and race. Observations by Dyer on gay behavior can be more illustrative here on the representation of sexuality in media. He says ‘a major fact about being gay is that it doesn’t show. There is nothing about gay people’s physiognomy that declares then gay, no equivalent to the biological markers of sex and race. There are signs of gayness, a repertoire of gestures, stances, clothing and even environments that bespeak gayness but these are cultural forms designed to show what the person’s person alone does not show: that he or she is gay’. There are signs of gayness, for example gestures, accents posture and so on, but these markers of sexuality are socially constructed and are both historically and culturally specific. Media texts often rely on stereotypical narratives to indicate that characters in a story line are gay. These may include childlessness, loneliness, a man’s interest in arts or domestic crafts, a woman’s in mechanics or sports. ..each implying a scenario of gay life.’ Both lesbians and gays have been to use Tuchman’s term ‘symbolically annihilated’ by the media in general. The representation of these two groups has been particularly limited on television. The media has been very careful on such sensitive issues, but has not been so. Media has been overtly criticized primarily on its representations, but when coming to issues of morality, media tended to be very much conservative, and there of course has been   a lot of self-censorship. As the essayist says ‘symbolic mobilizations and moral panics often leave in their wake residues of law and policy that remain in force long after the hysteria has subsided, fundamentalist attack on art and images requires a broad and vigorous response that goes beyond appeals to free speech. Free expression is a necessary principle in these debates, because of the steady protection it offers to all images, but it cannot be the only one. To be effective and not defensive, the art community needs to employ its interpretive skills to unmask the modernized rhetoric conservatives use to justify their traditional agenda, as well as to deconstruct the â€Å"difficult† images fundamentalists choose to set their campaigns in motion.’ Artists can of course look at the way media behaves in this respect. Week 10: Kester Grant, A Critical Frame work for Dialogical Practice. Revolt, is word usually associated with the art movements and the biographies of artists themselves. Thus a shift from the galleries to community based installations is a natural course of the artistic history. The author explores these transitions as an inherent revolt that pervaded the artistic community. When the artists themselves began to question the gallery itself as an appropriate site for their work. At a time when scale and the use of natural materials and processes were central concerns in sculpture, the comparatively small physical space of the gallery seemed unduly constraining. Further, the museum, with its fusty, art historical associations, appeared ill equipped to provide a proper Context for works that explored popular culture or quotidian experience. Many artists saw museums, with their boards of wealthy collectors and businesspeople, as bastions of snobbish elitism in an era that demanded a more accessible and egalitarian form of art. There are many ways to escape the museum. In some cases artists chose to work in sites that were empty or depopulated (e.g., Gordon Matta-Clark’s â€Å"cuttings† in abandoned buildings, Michael Heizer’s or Robert Smithson’s land art projects in nearly inaccessible locations), suggesting a certain anxiety about the social interactions that might occur upon venturing beyond sanctioned art institutions. One strand of this work is represented by the agitational, protest-based projects of Guerilla Art Action Group (GAAG), the Black Mask Group, and Henry Flynt in New York. Drawing on the energies of the antiwar movement and the traditions of fluxus performance and siruationism, these groups staged actions outside mainstream cultural institutions (Lincoln Center, Museum of Modern Art, etc.) to call attention to the complicity of these institutions with broader forms of social and political domination.’ A different approach, and one more directly related to dialogical practices, emerged in the collaborative projects developed by artists associated with the Woman’s Building in Los Angeles during the 1970s. Artists, fueled by political protests against the Reagan administration’s foreign policy (especially in Central America), the antiapartheid movement, and nascent AIDS activism, as well as revulsion at the market frenzy surrounding neoexpressionism, with its retardaire embrace of the heroic male painter. A number of artists and arts collectives developed innovative new approaches to public and community-based work during the 1980s and early 1990s. The late 1980s and early 1990S witnessed a gradual convergence between old-school community art traditions and the work of younger practitioners, leading to a more complex set of ideas around public engagement. This movement was also catalyzed by the controversy over Richard Serra’s Tilted Arc in the late 1980s, Community art projects are often centered on an exchange between an artist (who is viewed as creatively, intellectually, financially, and institutionally empowered) and a given subject who is defined a priori as in need of empowerment or access to creative/expressive skills. Thus the â€Å"community† in community-based public art often, although not always, refers to individuals marked as culturally, economically, or socially different from the artist. References: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Suzanne Lacy and Leslie Labowitz, Feminist Media Strategies For Political Performance 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jesse Drew, The Collective Camcorder in Art and Activism. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carole S. Vance, The War on Culture 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kester Grant, A Critical Frame work for Dialogical Practice How to cite Mediaculture, Essay examples

Dairy Queen free essay sample

I was a twig, pole-thin, with angel hair pasta tangled all over my head. It was snack time, the summer vacation of every kindergarteners day. Two dozen five-year-olds with light-up sneakers dropped pencils from hands cramped with the brand new movement of writing A to Z. Lunch boxes sprang from their cubbyhole cages. The privileged milk monitor left for the cafeteria, and I sizzled with joy, hands popping, feet jiggling, eyes jetting, mind bursting, as I awaited the arrival of the milk. Children chewed their crackers with mouths open, and the tired teacher, fixing her hair and planning her outfit for a date that night, caved into her desk chair. The door opened. The smiles arrived along with the milk monitor as thirsty fingers selected their milk of choice – white, chocolate, or, in the more exotic cases, strawberry. My favorite cartoon characters grinned from the sides of each carton. I selected my crown from the wide selection of dairy drinks nestled in the milk monitors green basket. We will write a custom essay sample on Dairy Queen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was my favorite flavor – white. Its not always easy to understand why a queen chooses to accept a crown. Some queens lust for power. Some feel as if they owe something to the people they rule. Others just think that wearing a crown is something they were born to do. In the case of this particular queen, however, it was not a large decision. Its difficult to say what spurred my decision. It may have been nothing more than the joy of snack time, or the surprise of seeing a Saturday morning superhero in the middle of the week. There was no way of knowing whether the women on kitchen duty added something to the milk, or whether the expiration date had come and gone. Whatever the case may be, I made my choice. I stood, while others sat, and proclaimed to the entire world – at least, it seemed like the entire world to me – I am the Queen of Milk! The teacher stood, too. She was taller than I was. Shut up! she screamed. Theres no yelling across the classroom, remember? Shut up! Sit down! Drink your milk! I did just what she said, and stayed shut up and sitting down for more than a decade. Silence became a welcome friend that squeezed my hand during conversations and kept me company when the rest of the world was loud. My brief experience as a dairy queen taught me two paradoxical lessons at once: 1) Spoken words mold minds more than the speaker often intends, and 2) The unspoken word resonates just as loudly as the spoken word. I now weigh, measure, stretch, crumple, and tessellate every sentence before crowning it and giving it to the world. It is my hope that the kings and queens to whom I give wings rule contented countries. And every night, I pour myself a glass of milk and place my crown atop my head. The Dairy Queen, although much more humble and reserved, lives on.

Interpretation of Pink Floyds Brain Damage Essay Example

Interpretation of Pink Floyds Brain Damage Essay An Interpretation of Pink Floyd’s â€Å"Brain Damage† In 1965, Cambridge, England natives Syd Barrett, Roger Waters, Rick Wright, and Nick Mason formed a psychedelic band known as Pink Floyd. The band produced one album under the leadership of Barrett. David Gilmour was brought in as a fifth member to enable Pink Floyd to continue performing live after Barrett proved incapable to remain lead vocalist, lead guitarist, and lead songwriter. Three short years after co-founding the group, Syd Barrett left the band, due to mental instability, allegedly resulting from heavy drug use. The band regrouped, kept Barrett’s vision, and became even more successful as an acid-rock band. Pink Floyd was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996. Dark Side of the Moon, a tribute to Barrett, remained on Billboard’s Top 200 album chart longer than any other album in history. The album featured a song, â€Å"Brain Damage,† based on Syd Barrett’s mental idiosyncrasies. The song, â€Å"Brain Damage,† is metaphorically indicative of a person’s journey to insanity. The meaning of the song is reflected in the title. Had the title been â€Å"Dark Side of the Moon,† the reader would interpret the song quite differently. If a person’s brain is damaged, he/she does not meet society’s standard of normal. At the beginning of â€Å"Brain Damage,† a â€Å"lunatic is on the grass† in view of the speaker, who works at a mental hospital (1). Insanity is only a thought at this point. The speaker remembers a happier time when he was a child and the main goal in life was to have fun (3). Now, the speaker must keep the patients of the hospital in line (4). The patients symbolize his thoughts. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretation of Pink Floyds Brain Damage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretation of Pink Floyds Brain Damage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretation of Pink Floyds Brain Damage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He cannot let his guard down to have a good time for fear of looking crazy to society. He must focus on his responsibilities and try not to stray from his duties because of his desire to blend in with normal people. If he lets his thoughts run wild he will become overwhelmed and break down mentally. Insanity is drawing nearer when the speaker states â€Å"The lunatics are in my hall† (5-6). He realizes he is different from everyone else and may not be considered sane. He knows that he is on the verge of a mental breakdown. Anything could send him to the point of insanity. The speaker avoids reality at all costs. He lets the daily newspaper pile up where the paper boy tosses them (7-8). The speaker does not read the newspaper for fear of learning something that will disturb him so much that he falls off his rocker. He had rather live in ignorance than gain knowledge and be forced to think about the terrible truth of what is going on in the world. The speaker believes that ignorance is bliss. The line â€Å"And if the dam breaks open many years too soon† (9), leads the reader to believe that the speaker is young or middle aged. This line means that if someone fills their head with â€Å"dark forbodings† before they are old enough to understand the way of the world, they will definitely become insane (9-11). If the speaker strays from the normal path and he does not fit in with society, his life will fall apart. In verse thirteen, the lunatic has invaded the speaker’s head. He has evidently strayed from his routine and filled his head with negative realistic thoughts. He has become one with the lunatics when he states â€Å"the lunatic is in my head† (13-14). The lunatics are no longer outside or in the hall, they are within the speaker. As these two lines are read, laughter can be heard in the background. The speaker is no longer battling the insanity. He surrenders to the voices in his head and instead of hiding that he is different, he embraces it. The speaker’s newfound freedom has been discovered by the normal people in society. Someone has had him committed into a mental hospital (15-16). He tells the doctor performing the lobotomy â€Å"You raise the blade, you make the change/ You re-arrange me ‘til I’m sane† (15-16). The speaker has been put in a padded room after surgery and feels as if the nurses â€Å"lock the door/ And throw away the key† (17-18). He knows he will never be released now that they have seen this side of him. The song reads â€Å"There’s someone in my head but it’s not me/ And if the cloud bursts thunder in your ear† (19-20). The speaker hears real voices in his head. He has tried explaining to everyone that he is not crazy and that the voices in his head are real. Unfortunately, no one will ever believe a certifiably crazy person; even if they shout,† â€Å"no one seems to hear† (21). Brain Damage† is summed up in two lines: â€Å"And if the band you’re in starts playing different tunes/ I’ll see you on the dark side of the moon† (22-23). The first line is referring to incidents when Syd Barrett was playing the wrong song when Pink Floyd was performing. From a lunatic’s point of view, everyone else is di fferent or straying from normal. If someone is so far gone that they cannot see that they are the problem, they succumb to the illness and we’ll see them on the other side (23). The song ends with a voice saying â€Å"I can’t think of anything to say except†¦/ I think it’s marvelous! Hahaha† (24-25). He is so overwhelmed by his revelations that he has nothing to do but laugh. He has gone insane by society’s standards, but I see him as enlightened. Pink Floyd — Brain Damage The lunatic is on the grass The lunatic is on the grass Remembering games and daisy chains and laughs Got to keep the loonies on the path The lunatic is in the hall The lunatics are in my hall The paper holds their folded faces to the floor And every day the paper boy brings more And if the dam breaks open many years too soon And if there is no room upon the hill And if your head explodes with dark forbodings too Ill see you on the dark side of the moon The lunatic is in my head The lunatic is in my head You raise the blade, you make the change You re-arrange me till Im sane You lock the door And throw away the key Theres someone in my head but its not me. And if the cloud bursts, thunder in your ear You shout and no one seems to hear And if the band youre in starts playing different tunes Ill see you on the dark side of the moon I cant think of anything to say except I think its marvellous! HaHaHa!

Interest rates in Europe and Canada

Interest rates in Europe and Canada Introduction Interest rate is a percentage of the total amount of money that a person or organization took as a loan. The rates of interests that a country or a bank bases it rates depend on the standards set by the central bank of the country or of a union. The interest rates used by the member countries of the European Union are under the control of the European Central Bank or the ECB.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interest rates in Europe and Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is an institution in charge of the monetary policies in the union. The European central bank is also in charge of stabilizing the interest rates of the member countries, keeping the inflation rate at a low level and ensuring that the foreign money reserves are stable. It acts as a last resort for lending money to its members banks. The bank managed to maintain the lending rates to its members stable until 2010 when it resorted t o saving some of its member states from foreign debts. Greece was also a target of European Central Bank had to save from sovereign debts by buying the debts and paying them off. This led to instability in assets and liabilities of the European central bank. This forced the bank to increase its lending rate in an effort to maintain stability in the European Union Market. Canada’s rates, on the other hand, are under the control of the Bank of Canada which is Canada’s central bank. The bank was not originally there, but began its operation in 1934 due to an act of parliament that led to its creation. The bank lends money to banks and institution as a last resort and acts as a central reserve for Canada’s money. Like the European Central Bank, the central bank of Canada also focuses on maintaining a low inflation rate. It also concerns itself with the maintenance of a stable financial state, effective control of the countries foreign debt and provision of valuable currencies. The bank achieves all his by having the absolute control of the countries’ borrowing and lending rates. However, this power is applicable only to exceptional circumstances, and the central banks rely heavily on the foreign market exchange rates and demand for the Canadian Dollar to control its interest rates, (The Coming Depression Editorial Staff, 2009, October 9) Effects of the financial crisis The interest’s rates in the European Union have been under the control of the European Central bank, which acts as a central reserve for all funds in the Union. The central bank has successfully been in control of inflation and interest rates until the 2008 financial crisis that hit the some of its member countries.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The crisis forced the European Central Bank to review some of its policies, and save the other countr ies from sinking into the crisis with the other countries like Spain, Greece and Portugal. The union was in a tight spot because its members use the assets of the European Central Bank as securities to borrow money. This means that all members are at stake if the other countries are unable to repay their debts. The European Financial Stability Facility got incorporated in to the union to help the countries in a financial crisis to service their debts. The European Central bank resorted to increasing its lending rate to the central banks of the member countries from 1% to 1.25%. The move aims at improving the value of the euro in the foreign market leading to increased foreign investment in the Europe zone. This will be a boost to the economy of the member countries that got badly hit by the financial crisis. The effect of the increased rates in Europe is an influx of investors into the market. The result of the increases in Europe will be a decreased in foreign investments, in the U nited States of America that will lead to a drop in the price of the dollar, ( Neate, Farrer, Batty, 2011, December 8). The rise in the interest rates in the European zone is also crucial in making their goods more affordable than those of the other key players in the market, like the United States of America. People will buy their products leading to a high foreign income will lead to an improvement of the countrys economy. However, the interest rates did not remain at the 1.25% mark for long because the European central bank cut it down again to 1% on 8th December 2011. The move aims at speeding up the growth rate of the economy, (Vancouver bc, 2012 September 2). Canada, on the other hand, is also sinking into debt due to its low interests on the lending rate to households. This is according to statistics done by the Canada statistics department. The report stated that Canada was sinking in to debt in the first three months of the year. The debt rose from the previous $1.526 trill ion dollars to of $1.548 trillion dollars. This is as a result of favorable lending rates in the region. However, the low interest rates have led to accumulation of household debts. Therefore, the Central Bank of Canada will have to increase the interest rates on loans given to households in order to make the accumulation of debt more stable than it is now. Bonds Bonds play a key role in determining the rate of growth of the countrys economy. The European unions bonds have been increasing in the past few months. The meaning of an increase in the value of the bonds is a decline in the number of investors. This means that the European central bank has to shoulder the burden of paying the lenders the money owed by its member countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interest rates in Europe and Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has been a difficult task for Germany which is the only member of the Euro zone that did not suffer from the financial crisis. The German government failed to sell its bonds in the market making the situation worst. This is the cause of the appreciating interest rates that seek to attract more investors than when the interest rates are low, yet the bonds are trading at high prices, (Larock, 2011, November 28). On the other hand, Canada managed to sell of its government bond. The bonds’ value was on the rise, but the situation is better when compared to that of the Euro zone. The country is in a better financial state when contrasted to the countries in the European Union. The situation in Canada makes it the best option for investors as compared to the European zone where investors fear to invest their money to the high possibilities of losses. The Central Bank of Canada has to deal with a crisis as its interest rate is 0.5 %which is lower than that of the Euro countries. Effects of interest rates in Canada The difference between the interest rates set b y the European Central Bank and the Central bank of Canada is a key player in the choice of investment site of most investors. This is because investors are more secure when investing in countries that have high interest rates than in countries that have a low interest rate. The cause of this preference is the value of the currency used in the country. An increase in the interest rate means that the demand of the currency will rise due to the influx of foreign investors. The increase in foreign investors, in the country, will increase the need for the local currency which will automatically increase the buying price of the currency. When comparing the interest rates of the European Union and the interest rates in Canada, it is evident that many investors will rush to the Euro zone to make their investments as compared to those who will invest in Canada. The result of the rush to the EU on the value of Canadian dollar is a fall due to its low demand in the market, (Langton, 2012, Jan uary 9). Therefore, an increase in the interest rates by the European Union will affect the levels of foreign investments in Canada negatively. This is because many investors will not want to spend their capital in a country whose lending rate is low. However, an increase in the interest rates by the Canadian central bank will lead to a healthy competition for foreign investors with the European nations. This is because the difference in the lending rates will be minimal.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The high interest rates in Europe is more likely to affect the exports and imports in Canada from the European Union and exports to the union. The increase in interest rates in the European Union means that the Euro will trade at a higher price. This means that business people importing goods from the countries in the Euro zone will be spending more money buying goods than they were spending before the rise. However, the business people in Canada in the export business will gain more profits as they will be selling their goods at lower prices in the foreign markets. This will lead to a higher foreign income from the sale of these goods. This will also affect the export business to these countries. This is because the business people will incur losses due to the high prices they have to incur while exchanging the Canadian dollar with the euro. The difference will also affect the Canadians because of the low levels of foreign investments caused by the low lending rates. This will lead to an increase in the inflation rate in the country leading to lower wages. This means that the people who suffer from the difference in the interest rates are the low class citizens who depend on foreign investments for jobs and incomes. The inflation rates will continue with its upward trend unless the central bank does something to increase the interest rates that will attract foreign investors. The increase of interest rates, in European nation, means that the dollar will depreciate making the prices of oil go up. This will make the cost of running businesses in Canada and any other country expensive. The increase in oil prices is due to the relationship of the dollar to oil; oil prices depend on the value of the dollar. Many countries buy or sell oil using the US dollar. Therefore, a decrease in the dollars price in the foreign exchange leads to high oil prices. The business people will have to raise the prices of their products as they try to protect themselves from incurring loses. Conclusion The interests rates set by central banks of different countries have diverse effects not only on the internal environment, but also on the external environment. The financial crisis in Europe forced the European central bank had to relieve the member countries that sunk into debt, and could not afford to repay. The bank had to reverse the situation, and one of the things it resolved to do was to increase the rates. This increase means that investors would rush to the zone to invest hence help increase the Gross Domestic Production in the affected countries. The effects of this increase were evident in the oil, and its by products which rose after the announcement, (Langton, 2012, January 9). The rise in the interest rates also affected other countries like Canada whose interest rates are lower than that of the Euro zone. Many investors rushed to the European nations to make their investments leaving countries with lower interest rates behind. This also led to an i ncrease in the value of the Euro meaning that businesses had to spend more money to import goods. However, the exporting businesses were at an advantage because they were selling goods at a cheaper price in the European markets. References Langton, J. (2012, January 9). Low interest rates impairing the outlook for insurers. Canada Mortgage News, pp. 34. Larock, M. (2011, November 28). Mortgages and Finance, Home Buying. Morning Interest Rate Toronto Real Estate Blog. Neate, R., Farrer, M., Batty, D. (2011, December 8). ECB cuts interest rates as crunch summit begins, New York News, pp 12. Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp 1.A. The Coming Depression Editorial Staff. (2009, October 9).Canadian Interest rates set to rise in 2011.Economist. Under Creative Commons License,pp. 28. Vancouver bc, Canada. (2012, September 2). ECB Keeps Interest Rate at 1%. Trading Economic, pp. 2A.EC

International Politics in Twentieth Century Essay

International Politics in Twentieth Century - Essay Example I will begin by giving a liberal account f the relationship between the economy, the state and power. Liberal idealism in international politics did not re-emerge, after the devastation f the Second World War, until the 1970s. Rapid advances in technology, the growth f organisations like the European Community, and the impact f events like the 1973 oil crisis pointed towards evidence f growing interdependence between states. At the same time liberal literature made significant inroads into the rigid inside/outside, domestic/international distinctions characteristic f realism, with the emergence f trans-national relations and world society. Modern interdependency theory uses free trade and the removal f barriers to commerce as prof to their claims. "The rise f regional economic integration in Europe was inspired by the belief that the likelihood f conflict between states would be reduced by creating a common interest in trade and economic collaboration amongst members f the same geographical region." European powers, instead f resolving their differences militarily, would cooperate within a commonly agreed economic and political framework for their mutual benefit. Eventually cooperation between states would increase and broaden as mutual advantages could be gained. Membership f the European Union would entail compliance with its rules, which itself would discourage the absolute pursuit f national interests and weaken state sovereignty. Liberal institutionalists such as Rosecrance argued that the "growth f economic interdependency had been matched by a corresponding decline in the value and importance f territorial conquest for states." In the modern world the benefits f trade and cooperation among states greatly exceed that f military competition and territorial control. Traditionally nation states regarded the acquisition f territory and land as the means to increasing national wealth. The state has transformed from being a 'military state' to a 'trading state'. Statesmen increasingly became aware that the accumulation f national wealth and development relied more heavily on macro-economic policies that increased the competitiveness f their economy compared to other states. Higher levels f efficiency, technology intensive modes f production and valuable human capital all give incentives for multi-national corporations and businesses to invest in the country. Neo-liberals point out that commercial relations between businesses and individuals have diminished the influence and power f the state. Although there is suspicion the role oil has played in the ongoing war in Iraq one cannot doubt the repercussions the war has had internationally. Britain and America have to some extent isolated themselves diplomatically from Europe (their closet allies) and the wider world. Nowadays due to the complications f economic interdependence it makes states less able to act aggressively because otherwise they face risking economic penalties imposed by other members f the international community.

Leadership Factors that are Needed to Deliver Organizational Success Research Paper

Leadership Factors that are Needed to Deliver Organizational Success - Research Paper Example Several qualities of the leaders like participatory nature, communicating ability and transparency make them front runners of the developmental process and they help the organization in keeping the efforts of the total team united and coherent which in turn would lead to highest quality output. Several theories also explain the way in which leaders aid in organizational success by dealing with odd situations and by providing contingency planning and strategic management. The successful leadership examples like Bill Gates of Microsoft Corporation and Donald John Trump of Trump illustrate that the leadership is an integrated process of leading from the front, dynamism, motivation, confidence, risk-bearing ability and participatory teamwork and hence they could make their organizations superior in the World and they become inspiring persons for the young people who would become leaders of the organizations in the future. Leadership is a vital component that decides the success of any organization. Leadership is nothing but the process of making a forward leap in decision making and guiding the other members of the team towards fulfilling the objectives of the organization or mission (Grey, 2009). The main factor that helps the organization through leadership is the infusion of the element of motivation in the minds of the team members because of which all the members would work with the highest level of energy and enthusiasm leading to the higher level of organizational efficiency. Leadership, in general, contributes to the success of an organization by making the team members more confident about the tasks performed in their jobs (Malphurs, 2006). This makes them more understandable with a higher level of clarity about the direction of operation of work for attaining the maximum productivity of the goods and services. Leadership also ensures a higher level of quality in the final products as it allows more free flow of information among the members and tries to minimize the element of error (Thompson and McHugh, 2009).

Information System Business

Information System Business A system, whether automated or manual, that comprises people, machines, and/or methods organized to collect, process, transmit, and disseminate data that represent user information. The elements of an information system are Workload, Response time, Throughput, Resource utilization, Resource service time. In other words information system is a system in which all the data is stored, analyzed and output with all the options is given to the managerial level to make decision for the development of the business. It is a system which is helpful at levels of business. Information systems deal with the development, use and management of an organizations IT infrastructure. In the post-industrial, information age, the focus of companies has shifted from being product oriented to knowledge oriented, in a sense that market operators today compete on process and innovation rather than product: the emphasis has shifted from the quality and quantity of production, to the production process itself, and the services that accompany the production process. The biggest asset of companies today, is their information, represented in people, experience, know-how, innovations (patents, copyrights, trade secrets), and for a market operator to be able to compete, he/she must have a strong information infrastructure, at the heart of which, lies the information technology infrastructure. Thus, the study of information systems focuses on why and how technology can be put into best use to serve the information flow within an organization. Compare and contrast the roles of systems designers from systems builders. System Designer has to collect the information for the system to be designed. Than analyze the gathered information. Create a document to show how the system is going to functioning; what are the requirements, who are the users, what would be the environment for the system. System builders: Based on the system design document system builders develops a plan to build the system, resources needed to develop the system, resource utilization plan, time needed to build the system. What are the similarities and differences between business and data requirements? Business Requirement: A requirement is a description of what a system should do. Systems may have from dozens to hundreds of requirements. A requirement describes a condition to which a system must conform; either derived directly or indirectly from user needs. A requirement for a computer system specifies what you want or desire from a system. Requirements should be: unique in scope. Is this the only requirement that defines this particular objective? precise in wording. Are there any vague words that are difficult to interpret? bounded by concrete expectations. Are there concrete boundaries in the objectives? irrefutably testable. Can you build one or more test cases that will completely verify all aspects of this requirement? Data Requirement: To build or create the above business requirement data is needed to analyze the business requirements. Based on the data collected report is created to justify the business requirement. How does the concept of work-flow change the focus of a traditional information system? Workflow can be described simply as the movement of documents and tasks through a business process. Workflow can be a sequential progression of work activities or a complex set of processes each taking place concurrently, eventually impacting each other according to a set of rules, routes, and roles. Workflow is acknowledged in the industry for facilitating powerful and flexible process automation. It is a tool that both business users and IT professionals can use to automate business processes and track work as it moves through the organization ensuring that the right work gets to the right person at the right time. It can be scaled from a small departmental solution to an enterprise-level Business Process Management solution that supports thousands of concurrent users across multiple sites. By that productivity can be increased and managed. Workflow Management Systems Workflow Management Systems allow organizations to define and control the various activities associated with a business process. In addition, many management systems also allow a business the opportunity to measure and analyze the execution of the process so that continuous improvements can be made. Such improvements may be short-term (e.g., reallocation of tasks to better balance the workload at any point in time) or long-term (e.g., redefining portions of the workflow process to avoid bottlenecks in the future). Most workflow systems also integrate with other systems used by the organization: document management systems, databases, e-mail, office automation products, Describe the major aspects of a feasibility analysis. The feasibility of a project can be ascertained in terms of technical factors, economic factors, or both. It is a study documented with a report showing all the aspects of the project. Different Feasibility studies are as follows: Technical Feasibility. It refers to the ability of the process to take advantage of the current technology in pursuing further improvement. The technical capability of the personnel as well as the capability of the available technology should be considered. Technology transfer between geographical areas and cultures needs. Managerial Feasibility: It involves the capability of the infrastructure of a process to achieve improvement. Support of Management, Involvement of employee, and commitment are key elements required for managerial feasibility. Economic Feasibility: This involves the feasibility of the proposed project to generate economic benefits. A cost-benefit analysis is important aspects of evaluating the economic feasibility of projects. The tangible and intangible aspects of a project should be translated into economic terms to facilitate a consistent basis for evaluation. Financial Feasibility: It involves the capability of the project organization to raise the appropriate funds needed to implement the proposed project. Project financing can be a major obstacle in large multi-party projects because of the level of capital required. It is done to determine that whether it is worth to spend that much money according to the profit analysis. Cultural Feasibility. It deals with the compatibility of the proposed project with the cultural setup of the project environment. As an example: religious beliefs may influence what an individual is willing to do or not do. Social Feasibility. Social feasibility addresses the influences that a proposed project may have on the social system in the project environment. The ambient social structure may be such that certain categories of workers may be in short supply or nonexistent. The effect of the project on the social status of the project participants must be assessed to ensure compatibility. It should be recognized that workers in certain industries may have certain status symbols within the society. Safety Feasibility. Safety feasibility is another important aspect that should be considered in project planning. It refers to an analysis of whether the project is capable of being implemented and operated safely with minimal adverse effects on the environment. Political Feasibility. Political considerations often dictate direction for a proposed project. This is particularly true for large projects with national visibility that may have significant government inputs and political implications. Environmental Feasibility. Concern must be shown and action must be taken to address any and all environmental concerns raised or anticipated. It mostly done for bio technological projects.. Market Feasibility. The market needs analysis to view the potential impacts of market demand, competitive activities, etc. and market share available. Price war activities by competitors, whether local, regional, national or international, must also be analyzed for early contingency funding and debt service negotiations during the start-up, ramp-up, and commercial start-up phases of the project. What is scope creep? Give an example and describe methods for controlling creep. A scope creep means when an unavoidable or unexpected change occurs while the project development. It can also result in a project team overrunning its original budget and schedule. If budget or schedule is not increased along with scope, the change is usually considered an unacceptable addition to the project is known as scope creep. Methods for controlling creep : Expect that there will be scope creep. Implement Change Order forms early and educate the project drivers on your processes. A Change Order form will allow you to perform a cost-benefit analysis before scheduling changes requested by the project drivers. Be sure you thoroughly understand the project vision. Meet with the project developers and deliver an overview of the project as a whole for their review and comments. List the priorities. Make an ordered list for your review throughout the project duration. Items should include budget, deadline, feature delivery, customer satisfaction, and employee satisfaction Define your deliverables and have them approved by the project developers. Deliverables should be general descriptions of functionality to be completed during the project. Divide the approved deliverables into actual work requirements. The requirements should be as detailed as necessary. The larger your project, the more detail you should include. If your project spans more than a month or two, dont forget to include time for software upgrades during development and always include time for ample documentation. Break the project into major and minor milestones. Minor milestones span should not be more than a month. Whatever your method for determining task duration, leave room for error. When working with an unknown staff schedule 140 to 160 percent of the duration as expected to be delivered. If your schedule is tight, reevaluate your deliverables. Once a schedule has been created, assign resources and determine your critical path using a PERT Chart or Work Breakdown Structure. Your critical path will change over the course of your project, so its important to evaluate it before development begins. Follow the map to determine which deliverables must be completed on time. Describe PERT charts. What major elements are tracked? PERT (Program Evaluation and Review technique) A PERT chart is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. It is a methodology developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s to manage the Polaris submarine missile program. A PERT chart looks more like a flow chart and concentrates on the relationships between tasks and less on the timeline. PERT charts emphasize task relationships rather than time. Major Elements tracked are : Identify the specific activities and their milestones. Determine the proper sequence of the activities Construct a network diagram. Estimate the time required for each activity. It has 3 types of timing which are Optimistic time, Most likely time and Pessimistic time. Determine the critical path in the process. It is helpful to determine ES (Earliest Start Time), EF(Earliest Finish Time), LS (Latest Start time) and LF (latest Finish Time. Update the PERT CHART along the progress of project. Define Systems Analysis. Systems Analysis is a deep and through study of an existing system or the new system that has to be created. In it all the aspects are taken into condition like whether the new system would be helpful for the business to grow or run smoothly, Cost effective, improve the overall system process for the business. System Analysis more emphasis is given to understanding the details of an existing system or a proposed one and then deciding whether the proposed system is desirable or not and whether the existing system needs improvements. Thus, system analysis is the process of investigating a system, identifying problems, and using the information to recommend improvements to the system. An analysis report is generated and based on it system design document is prepared. Or Systems analysis of an operating system consists of the evaluation of the efficiency, economy, accuracy, and productivity of existing procedures measured against the stated objectives of the library; and the design of new procedures to satisfy the demands of management and user. What is a use case? What are the elements and how is it used? USE CASE: A Use Case is a top level category of system functionality (i.e.: Log on, Shut down, etc.). A Use Case has graphical representation and/or a text description. The diagram or description identifies all the actors (outside of the system) involved in the function, as well as an indication of how the Use Case is initiated. The collection of Use Case diagrams provides a ‘context diagram of system interfaces. Each Use Case constitutes a complete list of events initiated by an Actor and it specifies the interaction that takes place between an Actor and the System. In a Use Case the system is viewed as opaque, where only the inputs, outputs, and functionality matter. Components of USE CASE: The Use Case diagram just provides a quick overview of the relationship of actors to Use Cases. The meat of the Use Case is the text description. This text will contain the following: Name Case ID Brief Description SRS (software requirement specification)Requirements Supported Pre Post Conditions Event Flow The requirements in the SRS are each uniquely numbered so that they may be accounted for in the verification testing. These requirements should be mapped to the Use Case that satisfies them for accountability. What is the purpose of Primary and Foreign Keys on database tables? Primary key constraint is set a database table to make a record unique. In other words to avoid duplicate records primary key constrain is created. It can be on field or an combination of more than one field. Foreign key constraint is created to check a matching entry in another table which it refers. It is useful to link two tables with different details. It can have relationship like one to one or one to many. Foreign key is referenced by the primary key or unique key field in another table. BONUS Describe the similarities that exist between the Project Management, Systems Analysis and Information Systems lifecycles. Project Management Lifecycle System Analysis and Information System Lifecycle Phase I: Project Initiation Phase I System Initiation and Feasibility Study Phase II: Project planning Phase II Project Planning and Functional Analysis Phase III System Design Phase III: Project Execution Phase IV Programming Phase V Testing and Implementation Project Closure Phase VI Post-Implementation Evaluation

Elaine Showalter-The Female Tradition Essay

In her book ‘A Literature of Their Own’, Showalter attempts to rediscover the lost Atlantis of female writingfrom the archives of British literary history, for which she tries to assemble women’s writing of that period into a linear developmental process dividing it into three phases depending upon their unique characteristics, that is, the Feminine, Feminist and Female phase which thereby establishes the existence of a female tradition in the history of literature. In this essay, I shall elaborate the three phases as propounded by Showalter while critically evaluating the boundaries of these said categories. The latter half of this essay shall deal with the complexities of Showalter’s formation and classification of British women novelist’s literary genealogy. Showalter classifies the first stage of female literary history as the ‘feminine phase’ referring to literature produced during the period of 1840 to 1880.She proposes that women wrote during this period as imitator of dominant patriarchal standards conforming to the notions of high-brow literature and internalised masculine standard of art and their view on social roles, thereby developing an internalized feminine ‘self-hatred’. The disguise taken up by female authors through the use of male pseudonyms as seen in the case of the Bronte sisters, George Eliot, etc. is a perfect example of the constant rejection that women practised with regards to their ‘masculine’ nature, while at the same time signals a ‘loss of innocence’ for women as they subtly grapple with the idea of role playing required by their gender. Certain areas of experience and knowledge such as sexuality, passion, ambition and male transcendence (as propounded in Simone De Beauvoir’s theory) lied beyond the ambits of the Victorian ‘angel in the house’ or ‘the Perfect Lady’ and therefore were suppressed by women in their writing through practices of displacement (as seen in Lydia’s case in Pride and Prejudice), splitting of self (as seen in Jane Eyre through the figures  of Jane and Bertha) or even punishment (as seen in the character of Maggie in The Mill On The Floss) to uphold the idea of ‘womanliness’ in their writing. Therefore, it seemed that women novelists were compensating for their will to write by preaching submission and self-sacrifice, working at home and denouncing female self-assertiveness. However women did not simply conform to the pattern of society’s concept of ‘work for others’ and challenged the patriarchal reception of women’s writing in their own subtle ways. Emily Bronte in her novel Wuthering Heights finds release to explore the fenced territories of dark passion, madness, ruthless desire and its politics through the character of Heathcliff as he would be less scrutinised by male critics. This struggle became a site of anxiety for women writers as the act of writing in itself represented the wish to transcend the defined feminine boundaries of their society, and therefore reconstructed the political and public spheres for women. As Showalter states, the women writers of this period often grappled with the question, â€Å"where did obedience to her father and husband end and the responsibility of self-fulfilment became paramount?† Another vital aspect of this phase is the carving of space for womenin the literary circle as done by feminine writers for women to follow against the hostility and critiques they received from their male competitors and society at large. G. H. Lewes in his 1852 review â€Å"The Lady Novelist† proposed that women’s literature had fallen short of their task owning to their natural weakness of imitation. Many male critics called women’s novel â€Å"bland, didactic and senseless rambling† not taking into account the antagonism women received at the hands of male critics whenever they tried to transgress into the ‘male domains of knowledge and language’ of politics, power and desire. The ‘damns’ in Jane Eyre or the ‘dialect’ in Wuthering Heights or the slangs of Rhoda Broughton’s heroine termed as vulgar, unholy and termed by Victorian readers as ‘coarseness’. On the one hand, this ‘double bind’ that paralysed women writers made them feel humiliated by the condescension received from male critics making them obsess over the desire to avoid special treatment and achieve genuine excellence and on the other hand,it made them anxious about appearing unwomanly in their works too. Despite all such obstacles, women overcame the hurdles placed upon them by  patriarchal conditioning of repression, concealment and self-censorship and participated in the literary process thereby creating a space for their sex which was earlier not availed to them. The major contribution of the novelists of this phase to the female tradition to follow was the enabling of a cultural exchange that had a special personal significance for women at large. Following this comes the ‘feminist phase’ spanning from 1880 to 1920 which comes to aculmination following the winning of â€Å"the vote† for women. This period was marked by protest and struggle for one’s rights, oppositional equation that the female author developed with their male critics, advocacy of minority rights and values, including a demand for autonomy and seems to stand in opposition to the earlier feminine phase as it defined by an ardent ‘feminist withdrawal’. As against the casing of issues as practiced by earlier writers, women writers of the feminist period acknowledged their sexuality, passions and desire publically without any sense of patriarchal guilt or shame. Since this period also overlaps with women’s suffragette movement in Britain and America, they had also become politically assertive and this literally was translated into literature as the battle of the two sexes. The impetus provided to women’s writin g by such political activism can be seen in the works of Virginia Woolf, Elizabeth Robins, etc. The influence of the political movement gave rise to the development of an array of new characters such as men who were â€Å"effeminate fops by day and fearless heroes by night†. In contrast to earlier women writers who saw male characters as a means to escape patriarchal domination, not realising that they were exchanging one set of chains for the other; female writers of this period use male figure to further their own emancipation and re-examine the stereotypes placed upon them by their patriarchal society as done by the Sensationalist women writers in their novels. An example of this would be Florence Marryat’s Love’s Conflict where she holistically examines the exploitative trap set for women by patriarchal society’s conception of love.Such awakening resulted into a complete rejection of the notion of femininity and attacked the figure of the self-sacrificing woman in exchange for agency and self-expression. Fidelity and chastity on men’s part became a contested issue in the literature of this period and thereby reversed the  question of female faithfulness to question male loyalty. The politics of pseudonym also changed during this period as ‘Sarah Grand’ the persona taken up by Frances Elizabeth Bellenden McFall expressed a feminist pride. All these trends amalgamated into the creation of an ‘Amazon Utopia’ which rejected all notions femininity in exchange for intense female solidarity derived from a complete rejection of the then established notion of ‘womanhood and femininity’. Another major contribution of the writers of this phase is the professionalism they introduced with regards to female authorship. Just as the transition from self-hatred to feminist withdrawal was an essential shift in the two phases, similarly equality in terms of monetary payments to women writers as against the disparate differences in terms of earnings of male and female writers (a characteristic of the previous phase) was challenged and overhauled which provided women writes of this period further incentive to take up writing as a profession rather than an activity of leisure as practised by their predecessors. As Showalter argues, women by 1860’s had started â€Å"to retain their copyrights, work with printers on the commission basis and edit their own magazine†. This did not only offer women with an alternative space for securing financial support and fortifying independence from ‘patriarchal commercialism’ but also provided them with themuch required artistic and ideological freedom to explore issues concerning their lives and experiences. Women by discerning over ideas of their day to day concerns actively participated into reviewing ideas of established ‘Femininity’ and thereby providing the foundation for future women writers to develop and completely deconstruct the notion of gender and its attributes. This was followed by the last stage,that is, the ‘female phase’ beginning in 1920 and continuing to the present, which according to Showalter from 1960 onwards has entered a new era of self-awareness. This phase is the least theorised and developed by her as it is yet to meet a conclusion. The writers of this phase carry the dual cultural baggage of the history of female authorship in the form of ‘feminine self-hatred and feminist withdrawal’, yet have initiated the task of insistent self-exploration  backed by rejection of male culture moving towards separationist literature focusing on inner space and psychological interrogation rather than being socially focused so as to escape the materialistic, harsh realities of the patriarchal world. The metaphor explored by many female writers for this motif was ‘the enclosed and secret room’ which ‘extended the fantasies of enclosure’ in the form of secret rooms, hideaway attics and suffragette cells as represented in the works of Mrs Molesworth’s The Tapestry Room or Virginia Woolf’s A Room Of one’s Own. The application of this female aestheticism by writers of that period transformed itself into the fragmentation of the self through a feminist cultural analysis of words, language and ideology in their novels. This self-destructive rite of women’s aestheticism and receptivity leading to suicidal vulnerability is exemplified in the careers of Virginia Woolf and Sylvia Plath.Paradoxically, the furthering of female aestheticism also led to an apparent fringing from sexuality and its politics, where the site of the body wasveiled, disguised or denied for insistence of artistic freedom and autonomy, leading Showalter to state that even though women’s writing was â€Å"erotically charged and drenched with sexual symbolism, female aestheticism is nonetheless oddly sexless in its content†. This leads to the popularization of the idea of ‘androgyny’ in women literature of this period (Bloomsbury group being a major contributor to this ideology). Showalterfurther develops this phase stating that the literature of the female phaseentered a new, dynamic stage in 1960 to incorporate and develop itself on Marxist, Feminist and Psychoanalytical theories and therefore helped women to both deconstruct and reconstruct their identities while providing society with women’s view of life, experience, originality and individuality; as demanded by G. H. Lewis and J. S. Mill. Continuing with the conflicts of the feminist phase, novelists of this period continue to struggle with the binaries of â€Å"art and love, between self-fulfilment and duty†, but work by consolidating the gains of the past while working with a new range of language and experience converting sexuality and anger (earlier treated only as attributes of realistic characters) into sources of ‘female creative powers’. In this light, women writers have tried to unify their fragmented experience through artistic vision which Showalter states will  u ltimately leadthem to make a choice between assimilation and separation into literary mainstream in the near future. The assembly of the lineage of women novelists as done by Showalter through the construction of the above mentioned three phases in her book has significantly contributed to the establishment of a Female Literary Tradition and has helped to unearth the vast expanse of women’s literature, previously ignored. However, it appears to me that there are certain foundational impediments in her work. A major premise for her work remains the construction of women’s literary history through the genre of novel writing alone which thereby excludes the colossal mass of literature that women wrote in the forms of drama, poetry, diaries, social tracts, autobiographies, etc. To formulate any kind of literary history for women’s writing without taking into account all these genres will necessarily provide us with a fractional and restrictive imagine thereby undermining the profundity and versatility of women’s imagination, creativity and intellectual labour. To see novel writing as the only path through which women entered and created a space for themselves in literary field is not just a reductionist interrogation of the history of writing but is also an injustice done to the massive proportion of women writers who were not ‘fortunate enough’ to enter this particular field and instead worked incessantly to carve out a space for women in other genres as done by figures of Elizabeth Barrett Browning andAlice Meynell (poetess), Alice James (diarist), Hannah More (dramatist), Florence Nightingale and Mary Carpenter (social Tracts) etc. Similarly, many novelists also attempted other genres of writing and deflating their efforts outside novel writing is also playing into the patriarchal trap of reducing the toils of women writers to a singularly defined category for purposes of convenience. Similarly, Showalter in her book advances a certain dimension of universality into the category of 19th century British women novelist, pedestrianizing her struggles and triumphs over many others. Though she mentions that her foundation for the historical re-evaluation of women’s writing is the 19th century British novelist, her disregard for the categories of third world, post-colonial women’s literature is apparent in her vocabulary. Within the  foundation of her work, she fails to take into account the pivotal issue of class based Marxist evaluation of the development of women’s writing movement.To not take into account the economic constraints under which women had to work to enter the field of literature will blemish the depth and shared experience of a particular class of women writers and will also deter us from analysing their works as repositories of class strained social realism of that age. The absence of any class based differential paradigm for reviewing the works of British women novelists is an immense undercutting of the forces of patriarchy and capitalism and the role they played in obstructing women’s path to literacy emancipation.Therefore, even though she challenges the notion of the ‘canon’ by re-evaluating the exclusion of women from its centre, Showalter nonetheless, never deconstructs the ‘canon’ itself but works simply to readjust it to the requirements of a specific group of ’21st century female British academician’. Her stating that the sensation novelists of the late 19th century did not add significantly to the intellectual issues of that age but rather contributed to women’s cause byacquiring public literary space exemplifies the same. Nonetheless, despite all such complexities, Showalter’s assertion of the value of the ‘lost’ works of women writers and their role in history initiates a process of questioning and subverting of the patriarchal edifice of the ‘history of literature’. Feminine, Feminist and Female writers all had to contend with the cultural and political forces of their age and the epistemological classification of these three stages themselves reveals the developmental process that has taken place with regards to women’s writing. â€Å"The Female Tradition† is a record of the conditions and struggle that women breathed through to gain agency andchoice for their sex. Therefore even though Showalter does not pursue the full scope of her questions, she nevertheless opens the opportunity for individuals following her to further her theory and critically analyse the homogenizing politics of literary history, from not just the perspective of gender but also from a class, race and linguistic perspective. Here, Louise Bernikow’s comment becomes extremely crucial and exemplary: â€Å"What is commonly called literary history is actually a record of choices. Which writers have survived their time and which have not depends upon who noticed them and chose to record the notice.† Bibliography: Elaine Showalter’s â€Å"A Literature of Their Own†.